Florence-2-Large.

Florence-2: Advancing a Unified Representation for a Variety of Vision Tasks

Model Summary

This is a continued pretrained version of Florence-2-large model with 4k context length, only 0.1B samples are used for continue pretraining, thus it might not be trained well. In addition, OCR task has been updated with line separator ('\n'). COCO OD AP 39.8

This Hub repository contains a HuggingFace's transformers implementation of Florence-2 model from Microsoft.

Florence-2 is an advanced vision foundation model that uses a prompt-based approach to handle a wide range of vision and vision-language tasks. Florence-2 can interpret simple text prompts to perform tasks like captioning, object detection, and segmentation. It leverages our FLD-5B dataset, containing 5.4 billion annotations across 126 million images, to master multi-task learning. The model's sequence-to-sequence architecture enables it to excel in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings, proving to be a competitive vision foundation model.

Resources and Technical Documentation: + Florence-2 technical report. + Jupyter Notebook for inference and visualization of Florence-2-large

| Model | Model size | Model Description | | ------- | ------------- | ------------- | | Florence-2-base[[HF]](https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Florence-2-base) | 0.23B | Pretrained model with FLD-5B | Florence-2-large[[HF]](https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Florence-2-large) | 0.77B | Pretrained model with FLD-5B | Florence-2-base-ft[[HF]](https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Florence-2-base-ft) | 0.23B | Finetuned model on a colletion of downstream tasks | Florence-2-large-ft[[HF]](https://huggingface.co/microsoft/Florence-2-large-ft) | 0.77B | Finetuned model on a colletion of downstream tasks

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model. All models are trained with float16.

python
import requests

import torch
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoModelForCausalLM 


device = "cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
torch_dtype = torch.float16 if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.float32

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("microsoft/Florence-2-large", torch_dtype=torch_dtype, trust_remote_code=True).to(device)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("microsoft/Florence-2-large", trust_remote_code=True)

prompt = "<OD>"

url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/tasks/car.jpg?download=true"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(device, torch_dtype)

generated_ids = model.generate(
    input_ids=inputs["input_ids"],
    pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"],
    max_new_tokens=4096,
    num_beams=3,
    do_sample=False
)
generated_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=False)[0]

parsed_answer = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text, task="<OD>", image_size=(image.width, image.height))

print(parsed_answer)

Tasks

This model is capable of performing different tasks through changing the prompts.

First, let's define a function to run a prompt.

<details> <summary> Click to expand </summary>

python
import requests

import torch
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoProcessor, AutoModelForCausalLM 

device = "cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
torch_dtype = torch.float16 if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.float32

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("microsoft/Florence-2-large", torch_dtype=torch_dtype, trust_remote_code=True).to(device)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("microsoft/Florence-2-large", trust_remote_code=True)

url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/tasks/car.jpg?download=true"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

def run_example(task_prompt, text_input=None):
    if text_input is None:
        prompt = task_prompt
    else:
        prompt = task_prompt + text_input
    inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(device, torch_dtype)
    generated_ids = model.generate(
      input_ids=inputs["input_ids"],
      pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"],
      max_new_tokens=1024,
      num_beams=3
    )
    generated_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=False)[0]

    parsed_answer = processor.post_process_generation(generated_text, task=task_prompt, image_size=(image.width, image.height))

    print(parsed_answer)

</details>

Here are the tasks Florence-2 could perform:

<details> <summary> Click to expand </summary>

Caption

python
prompt = "<CAPTION>"
run_example(prompt)

Detailed Caption

python
prompt = "<DETAILED_CAPTION>"
run_example(prompt)

More Detailed Caption

python
prompt = "<MORE_DETAILED_CAPTION>"
run_example(prompt)

Caption to Phrase Grounding

caption to phrase grounding task requires additional text input, i.e. caption.

Caption to phrase grounding results format: {'\<CAPTIONTOPHRASE_GROUNDING>': {'bboxes': [[x1, y1, x2, y2], ...], 'labels': ['', '', ...]}}

python
task_prompt = "<CAPTION_TO_PHRASE_GROUNDING>"
results = run_example(task_prompt, text_input="A green car parked in front of a yellow building.")

Object Detection

OD results format: {'\<OD>': {'bboxes': [[x1, y1, x2, y2], ...], 'labels': ['label1', 'label2', ...]} }

python
prompt = "<OD>"
run_example(prompt)

Dense Region Caption

Dense region caption results format: {'\<DENSEREGIONCAPTION>' : {'bboxes': [[x1, y1, x2, y2], ...], 'labels': ['label1', 'label2', ...]} }

python
prompt = "<DENSE_REGION_CAPTION>"
run_example(prompt)

Region proposal

Dense region caption results format: {'\<REGION_PROPOSAL>': {'bboxes': [[x1, y1, x2, y2], ...], 'labels': ['', '', ...]}}

python
prompt = "<REGION_PROPOSAL>"
run_example(prompt)

OCR

python
prompt = "<OCR>"
run_example(prompt)

OCR with Region

OCR with region output format: {'\<OCRWITHREGION>': {'quad_boxes': [[x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4], ...], 'labels': ['text1', ...]}}

python
prompt = "<OCR_WITH_REGION>"
run_example(prompt)

Output confidence score with Object Detection

python

def run_example_with_score(task_prompt, text_input=None):
    if text_input is None:
        prompt = task_prompt
    else:
        prompt = task_prompt + text_input
    inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(device, torch_dtype)
    generated_ids = model.generate(
      input_ids=inputs["input_ids"],
      pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"],
      max_new_tokens=1024,
      num_beams=3,
      return_dict_in_generate=True,
      output_scores=True,
    )
    generated_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids.sequences, skip_special_tokens=False)[0]

    prediction, scores, beam_indices = generated_ids.sequences, generated_ids.scores, generated_ids.beam_indices
    transition_beam_scores = model.compute_transition_scores(
        sequences=prediction,
        scores=scores,
        beam_indices=beam_indices,
    )

    parsed_answer = processor.post_process_generation(sequence=generated_ids.sequences[0], 
        transition_beam_score=transition_beam_scores[0],
        task=task_prompt, image_size=(image.width, image.height)
    )

    print(parsed_answer)

prompt = "<OD>"
run_example_with_score(prompt)

for More detailed examples, please refer to notebook </details>

Benchmarks

Florence-2 Zero-shot performance

The following table presents the zero-shot performance of generalist vision foundation models on image captioning and object detection evaluation tasks. These models have not been exposed to the training data of the evaluation tasks during their training phase.

| Method | #params | COCO Cap. test CIDEr | NoCaps val CIDEr | TextCaps val CIDEr | COCO Det. val2017 mAP | |--------|---------|----------------------|------------------|--------------------|-----------------------| | Flamingo | 80B | 84.3 | - | - | - | | Florence-2-base| 0.23B | 133.0 | 118.7 | 70.1 | 34.7 | | Florence-2-large| 0.77B | 135.6 | 120.8 | 72.8 | 37.5 |

The following table continues the comparison with performance on other vision-language evaluation tasks.

| Method | Flickr30k test R@1 | Refcoco val Accuracy | Refcoco test-A Accuracy | Refcoco test-B Accuracy | Refcoco+ val Accuracy | Refcoco+ test-A Accuracy | Refcoco+ test-B Accuracy | Refcocog val Accuracy | Refcocog test Accuracy | Refcoco RES val mIoU | |--------|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|----------------------| | Kosmos-2 | 78.7 | 52.3 | 57.4 | 47.3 | 45.5 | 50.7 | 42.2 | 60.6 | 61.7 | - | | Florence-2-base | 83.6 | 53.9 | 58.4 | 49.7 | 51.5 | 56.4 | 47.9 | 66.3 | 65.1 | 34.6 | | Florence-2-large | 84.4 | 56.3 | 61.6 | 51.4 | 53.6 | 57.9 | 49.9 | 68.0 | 67.0 | 35.8 |

Florence-2 finetuned performance

We finetune Florence-2 models with a collection of downstream tasks, resulting two generalist models Florence-2-base-ft and Florence-2-large-ft that can conduct a wide range of downstream tasks.

The table below compares the performance of specialist and generalist models on various captioning and Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks. Specialist models are fine-tuned specifically for each task, whereas generalist models are fine-tuned in a task-agnostic manner across all tasks. The symbol "▲" indicates the usage of external OCR as input.

| Method | # Params | COCO Caption Karpathy test CIDEr | NoCaps val CIDEr | TextCaps val CIDEr | VQAv2 test-dev Acc | TextVQA test-dev Acc | VizWiz VQA test-dev Acc | |----------------|----------|-----------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------------|-------------------------| | Specialist Models | | | | | | | | | CoCa | 2.1B | 143.6 | 122.4 | - | 82.3 | - | - | | BLIP-2 | 7.8B | 144.5 | 121.6 | - | 82.2 | - | - | | GIT2 | 5.1B | 145.0 | 126.9 | 148.6 | 81.7 | 67.3 | 71.0 | | Flamingo | 80B | 138.1 | - | - | 82.0 | 54.1 | 65.7 | | PaLI | 17B | 149.1 | 127.0 | 160.0▲ | 84.3 | 58.8 / 73.1▲ | 71.6 / 74.4▲ | | PaLI-X | 55B | 149.2 | 126.3 | 147.0 / 163.7▲ | 86.0 | 71.4 / 80.8▲ | 70.9 / 74.6▲ | | Generalist Models | | | | | | | | | Unified-IO | 2.9B | - | 100.0 | - | 77.9 | - | 57.4 | | Florence-2-base-ft | 0.23B | 140.0 | 116.7 | 143.9 | 79.7 | 63.6 | 63.6 | | Florence-2-large-ft | 0.77B | 143.3 | 124.9 | 151.1 | 81.7 | 73.5 | 72.6 |

| Method | # Params | COCO Det. val2017 mAP | Flickr30k test R@1 | RefCOCO val Accuracy | RefCOCO test-A Accuracy | RefCOCO test-B Accuracy | RefCOCO+ val Accuracy | RefCOCO+ test-A Accuracy | RefCOCO+ test-B Accuracy | RefCOCOg val Accuracy | RefCOCOg test Accuracy | RefCOCO RES val mIoU | |----------------------|----------|-----------------------|--------------------|----------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------| | Specialist Models | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SeqTR | - | - | - | 83.7 | 86.5 | 81.2 | 71.5 | 76.3 | 64.9 | 74.9 | 74.2 | - | | PolyFormer | - | - | - | 90.4 | 92.9 | 87.2 | 85.0 | 89.8 | 78.0 | 85.8 | 85.9 | 76.9 | | UNINEXT | 0.74B | 60.6 | - | 92.6

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